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英語四級高級語法講解：虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣是說話者用來表示假設(shè)，或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況，而非客觀存在的事實(shí)，所陳述的是一個條件，不一定是事實(shí)，甚至完全與事實(shí)相反。下面是小編整理的英語四級高級語法講解：虛擬語氣，歡迎大家閱讀學(xué)習(xí)。
1.if 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣
2.倒裝形式
Were I you(=if I were you),I would get up early in the morning.
Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday(=If you had arrived…),you could have caught the train.
Should it rain(=If it should rain),the crops would be saved.
It is time that ...
Would rather that.....
(1)I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2)John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3)I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past.
“It is(was)+形容詞(或過去分詞)+that……”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣
1.It is necessary that we(should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.
2.It was necessary that we(should) make everything ready ahead of time.
3.It is required that nobody(should) smoke here.
4.It is important that every pupil(should) be able to understand the rule of school.
練習(xí)
1.He’ll be busy this afternoon.If he ___ free,he ___ to the cinema with you.
A.were to be; might go B.am going to be; will go
C.will be; might have gone D.is; will go
2.When Edison died,it was proposed that the American people _____ all power in their homes,streets,and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man.
A.turn off B.turned off
C.would turn off D.had turned off
3.Had I known her name,_____.
A.or does she know mine? B.and where does she live?
C.I would have invited her to lunch D.she would be beautiful
4.I’d rather you ______ by train,because I cant bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.
A.would go B.should go
C.went D.had gone
5.The victim ________(本來會有機(jī)會活下來) if he had been taken to hospital in time.
would have a chance to survive(06.12翻譯)
6.The professor required that ________(我們交研究報(bào)告)。
we hand in our research report(s)(06.6翻譯)
7.If Sept.11 had never happened,the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America,probably indefinitely.(06.6閱讀)
8.W: What would you do if you were in my place?
M: If Paul were my son,I’d just not worry.Now that his teacher is giving him extra help and he is working hard himself,he’s sure to do well in the next exam.
Q: What’s the man’s suggestion to the woman?
13.A) Teaching her son by herself.C) Asking the teacher for extra help.
B) Having confidence in her son.D) Telling her son not to worry.(07.12)
1.You’d better take a sweater with you ________________(以防天氣變冷)
in case it(should) turn cold.(08.12)
10.If she had returned an hour earlier,Mary(就不會被大雨淋濕了).
.wouldn’t have been caught by the rain
11.You would not have failed if you __________________________(按照我的指令去做).
had followed my instructions/orders
虛擬語氣用于定語從句中
在It is(high,about)time(that)…句型中，that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的謂語常用一般過去時來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣。
例：It’s about time that we put an end to this controversy.現(xiàn)在該是我們停止這場爭論的時候了。例：It is time we went to bed.
我們該去睡覺了。
虛擬語氣用于if only 引導(dǎo)的從句中
在if only引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語動詞須采用虛擬語氣，其用法與wish后賓語從句的用法基本相同，表示“但愿”，“要是…就好了”的意思。例：If only I knew what you wanted.要是我知道你需要什么就好了。
例：If only he had arrived in time,he would not have been punished.
虛擬條件句中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用：
虛擬條件句從時間上又分為與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，與過去事實(shí)相反，與將來事實(shí)可能相反三種情況。表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的，if從句用過去式，主句用would（或could ,should ,might）加原形動詞。與過去事實(shí)相反的，if從句用過去完成時，主句用would（或could ,should ,might）+have done結(jié)構(gòu)。與將來事實(shí)可能相反的，if 從句用should（或were to ）加動詞原形，主句用would加動詞原形。
1、If a better material _____,the strength of the part 高中語文 would have been increased.
A.had been used
B.had been using
C.being used
D.using
�。ǜ鶕�(jù)前面的講解，正確答案為A。）
2、Had the weather been good,the children _____ out for a walk.
A.had gone
B.could have gone
C.would go
D.went
�。ù鸢福築。與過去的事實(shí)相反。當(dāng)if從句中含有were,had,should這三個詞時，if可以省略，主謂倒裝。）
某些動詞后的賓語從句以及某些名詞后的表語或同位語從句中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用，這些動詞或名詞包括：
suggest（suggestion）,propose（proposal）,advise（advice）demand,insist,order,request,require,recommend,desire,ask,decide等。在這些從句中，謂語形式為should加動詞原形，should可以省略。
例：The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important task.
A.would leave
B.leave
C.left
D.have left
�。ù鸢福築）
在It is desired（或desirable）,It is important等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的主語從句中，動詞用原形或should+原形動詞。這些結(jié)構(gòu)有：
“It is suggested”,“It is requested”,“It was ordered”,“It is necessary”,“It is essential”,“It is vital”,“It is urgent”,“ It is impossible”,“It is preferable”,“It is advisable”,“It was proposed”等。
例：It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week.
A.comes
B.will com
C.come
D.may come
�。ù鸢福篊）
would rather,as if/though 以及wish后邊that從句中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用。
1、I am too busy these days.I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.
A.come
B.would come
C.came
D.have come
（答案：C。would rather 后面的從句中，動詞用過去式。）
2、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.
A.knows
B.knew
C.had known
D.would have know
�。ㄕ_答案為B。在as if/though后邊的方式狀語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑，動詞用過去式；如果表示的是中的過去的動作，用過去完成時。本句表示對現(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑。）
3、You look as if you had seen a ghost.
（此句中as if 后邊是說話人想象中的動作，所以用過去完成時。）
4、I wish I knew his address.
�。ㄔ趙ish后邊的從句中，如果指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿�，動詞用過去式。這句話告訴我們說話人并不知道他的地址。）
5、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college。
A.could study
B.studied
C.had studied
D.would study
（答案為C。表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，動詞用過去完成時。）
在It is（high） time后邊的that從句中，動詞用過去式，表示該做某事了。
例：Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
A.give up
B.gave up
C.would give up
D.should give up
�。ù鸢笧锽。）
虛擬語氣用在定語從句中
It is time(that)…句型中的定語從句里的謂語動詞常用虛擬浯氣表示將來，動詞形式用動詞的過去式：意思是"該干某件事了，時間已經(jīng)有些晚了"。如：
It is time we left.我們該走了。
It is time we went to bed.我們該睡覺了：
It is time we summed up our results.我們該總結(jié)我們的成績了。
虛擬語氣用在簡單句中
下面是虛擬語氣用在簡單句中較常見的兩種情況，皆表祝愿。如：
1)動詞原形1ive用在Long live…中。如：
Long live the Communist Party of China! 中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲!
Long live the people! 人民萬歲!
(1ive在此也是虛擬語氣的一種動詞形式，不可改為lives)
2)May用在句子開頭(多用在正式的文體中)。如：
May good luck be yours.祝你順利。
May you be happy.祝你快樂。
May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就!
用以表示虛擬條件的虛擬語氣
1.用if條件從句表示的虛擬條件，是虛擬條件最普通的方式。
�、偬摂M現(xiàn)在時表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，其if 從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.
�、谔摂M過去時是表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，if 從句的謂語形式用過去完成時即had＋過去分詞，主句用would/should/could/might +have +過去分詞，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③大多數(shù)的虛擬條件句屬于上面三種情況的一種，但并不排除存在條件和后果中，一個和現(xiàn)在情況相反，另一個和過去情況相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said,you would not have been so painful now.這個句子在高中出現(xiàn)頻率頗高。
�、艿牵绻蠊昧颂摂M語氣，而條件卻用陳述語氣，這種用法是錯的。
2.除了表示虛假條件外，if從句還可以表示對將來的推測，由于是將來還沒有發(fā)生的，所以談不上是真實(shí)的還是虛假的，只能說這個事情發(fā)生的可能性有多大。一般情況下，可以用陳述語氣的if從句來表示對一個未來事實(shí)的推測，這個事實(shí)是完全可能發(fā)生的。If從句的謂語形式用一般過去式或用were to/should +動詞原形，主句用would/should /could/ might +動詞原形，例如：Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.
3.有時可以把含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if 省去，而將had,should,were 等詞提到主語之前，即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),這時候，如果出現(xiàn)not等否定詞，否定詞需放在主語后面。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在口語中很少使用，但頻頻出現(xiàn)在各類考試中出現(xiàn)，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday,we could have played tennis.
4.大多數(shù)的虛擬條件通過上面所講的兩種方法表達(dá)，但在個別句子中也可以通過介詞without和介詞短語but for表達(dá)，副詞otherwise等表達(dá)出來。例如：We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.值得注意的是，包含but for的句子，謂語動詞必定要用虛擬形式，但包含without等短語的句子，謂語動詞未必一定要用虛擬語氣。
5.有時虛擬條件不是明確地表達(dá)出來，而在蘊(yùn)含在用but引導(dǎo)的從句里，于是便出現(xiàn)了有謂語動詞是虛擬語氣的主句加上謂語動詞是陳述語氣的but從句構(gòu)成的并列復(fù)合句，例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在這樣的句子里，如果主句沒有用虛擬語氣，或者從句用了虛擬語氣，都是錯的。
用在賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
1.在表示愿望的動詞wish后的賓語從句中，需用虛擬語氣。（wish后的that 常省略），根據(jù)主句時態(tài)，從句謂語時態(tài)相應(yīng)退后一位，例如：How she wished his family could go with him.
2.在具有愿望、請求、建議、命令等主觀意愿的動詞(desire,demand,advice,insist,require,suggest,propose,order,recommend,decide…) 后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用(should) +動詞原形。值得注意的是，如果賓語從句的動詞是否定的，否定詞not的位置應(yīng)在動詞之前，而不是動詞之后。例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外，如suggest表達(dá)“暗示”，insist表示“堅(jiān)持某種說法”時，后面的從句不用虛擬語氣，例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外，上述動詞也要求用虛擬式
�、僭贗t is+上述動詞的過去分詞，其后所跟的主語從句中，如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
�、谠谏鲜鰟釉~相應(yīng)的名詞形式作主語+連系動詞，其后的表語從句中，例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
�、墼趯ι鲜鰟釉~相應(yīng)的名詞進(jìn)行解釋的同位語從句中，如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
3.would（had）rather,would sooner也用來表達(dá)主觀愿望，它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚眠^去完成式表示與過去事實(shí)相反，例如：I would rather he went right now.
其他形式的虛擬語氣
1.it is +necessary等形容詞后，that主語從句中虛擬形式使用，這類形容詞包括necessary,important,essential,imperative,urgent,preferable,vital,advisable等，例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
2.在Its(high/about) time 之后的定語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式，例如It is high time that you went to school
3.虛擬語氣在as if/as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中的應(yīng)用（謂語動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句基本相同）表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有懷疑，謂語動詞用過去式。例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.表示過去想象中的動作或情況，謂語動詞用過去完成式。
4.在lest引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，謂語動詞多用虛擬語氣，(should )+動詞原形。例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
5.在if only引起的感嘆句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式或過去完成式。例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
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