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四六級(jí)考試必考的語法點(diǎn)
導(dǎo)語：英語四六級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)除了要掌握基本知識(shí)外，也要了解一些英語的語法內(nèi)含。CNFLA學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)小編整理了一些英語四六級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)必備的英語語法內(nèi)容，從細(xì)微處了解你所學(xué)的語言吧!
1同位語邊緣知識(shí)歸納
一、什么叫同位語
當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，若其中一個(gè)句子成分是用于說明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分的，那么用于起說明或解釋作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位語。如：
Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for aninterview. 勞拉·邁爾，BBC的記者，要求采訪。
Influenza, a common disease, has no cure. 流行性感冒是一種常見病，無特效藥。
Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, isplanning to attend the university. 瑪麗是我所認(rèn)識(shí)的最聰敏的姑娘之一，她正準(zhǔn)備上大學(xué)。
Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一個(gè)人是誰?
We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我們有兩個(gè)孩子，一個(gè)男孩和一個(gè)女孩。
以上所舉的同位語例子都是同位語的基本形式，一般不會(huì)出錯(cuò)。但有有幾種同位語，或由于身本結(jié)構(gòu)特殊，或由于它修飾的成分結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，往往會(huì)引起誤解�，F(xiàn)小結(jié)并舉例說明如下，希望引起同學(xué)們的'注意。
二、特殊同位語歸納
1. 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語
Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎?
They three joined the school team. 他們3人參加了校隊(duì)。
She has great concern for us students. 她對(duì)我們學(xué)生很關(guān)心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。
We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電影。
2. 不定式用作同位語
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達(dá)了發(fā)起總攻的命令。(to start the generalattack與the order同位)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一條街走，我在那里接他上了車。(to walk along…與the instruction同位)
3. -ing分詞用作同位語
He’s getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個(gè)開卡車的差事。(driving a track與a job同位)
She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一個(gè)熨衣服的職位。(ironing shirts與a place同位)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個(gè)計(jì)劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。(attacking atnight與the first plan同位)
4. 形容詞用作同位語
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易會(huì)，是有史以來規(guī)模最大的，正在廣州舉行。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他讀了很多書，古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都來到街頭觀看游行。
【注】這類同位語與定語比較接近，可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。如：
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
5. none of us之類的結(jié)構(gòu)用作同位語
We none of us said anything. 我們誰也沒說話。
We have none of us large appetites. 我們誰飯量都不大。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他們兩人都不想去。
They’ve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他們兩人誰也沒能贏得她的信任。
【注】注意，同位語并不影響其后句子謂語的“數(shù)”，如：
學(xué)生每人都有一本詞典。
正：The students each have a dictionary.
誤：The students each has a dictionary.
請(qǐng)比較下面一句(謂語用了單數(shù)，因?yàn)閑ach為句子主語)：
正：Each of the students has a dictionary.
6. 從句用作同位語(即同位語從句)
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。
I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息說她可能晚到。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實(shí)。
The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不動(dòng)腦筋做此工作的想法是錯(cuò)誤的。
2the fact that 的語法功能
一、用于引導(dǎo)主語從句
在許多情況下，當(dāng)語義上需要用一個(gè)較復(fù)雜的that從句用主語時(shí)，若直接將其置于句首位置，則會(huì)顯得“頭輕腳重”。這時(shí)，我們通常采用的辦法便是使用形式主語it來改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
That he had no girl friends worried his parents alot.= It worried his parents a lot that he had no girlfriends. 他沒有女朋友，這件事使他父母非常不安。
That he has fully recovered makes me feel good.=Itmakes me feel good that he has fully recovered. 他已痊愈，真令我高興。
That he had not said anything surprised everybody.=It surprised everybody that he had notsaid anything. 他一言不發(fā)，這使大家很吃驚。
在比較正式的文體中，有時(shí)也可借助the fact這一輔助手段，按以下方式改寫句子：
The fact that he had no girl friends worried his parents a lot.
The fact that he has fully recovered makes me feel good.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
二、用于介詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句
按英語習(xí)慣，介詞后面通常不能直接跟一個(gè)that從句作賓語，遇此情況，人們通常在that從句前使用thefact。這樣一來，就變成了the fact用作介詞的賓語，而其后的that從句則成了the fact的同位語從句。如：
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。
I didn’t go out because of the fact that it was raining. 因?yàn)樵谙掠�，所以我沒出去。
Were it not for the fact that you helped me, I would be homeless. 若非你的幫助，我仍會(huì)無家可歸。
He must face up to the fact that he is no longer young. 他必須勇于正視自己不再年輕這一事實(shí)。
It’s time you woke up to the fact that you’re not very popular. 你早就該明白你不怎么受歡迎了。
The judge paid a lot of attention to the fact that the child was unhappy at home. 法官非常注意這一情況，即孩子在家里并不快樂。
He said the parents were responsible for the fact that the child had run away. 他說孩子父母應(yīng)對(duì)孩子逃跑一事負(fù)責(zé)。
注：英語中只有極個(gè)別介詞(如except等)可直接跟that從句。如：
The two books are the same except that this one has an answer key at the back. 除了這本書后面有問題答案以外, 這兩本書完全一樣。
三、用于動(dòng)詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句
英語中有的動(dòng)詞雖為及物動(dòng)詞，可接名詞或代詞作賓語，但通常不接that從句作賓語。若語義上需要接一個(gè)that從句，則可借助the fact結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
I dislike the fact that he smokes. 我厭惡他吸煙。
No one can deny the fact that fire burns. 無人能否認(rèn)火能燃燒的事實(shí)。
You can’t escape the fact that she has got married three times. 她結(jié)過三次婚，這個(gè)事實(shí)你是不能逃避的。
We must face the fact that we might lose our deposit. 我們必須正視我們可能失去存款這一事實(shí)。
I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside the classroom or talk with them onthe telephone. 我羨慕他經(jīng)常在課外與學(xué)生聊天或通過電話與學(xué)生聊天。
下題中的 that if 是什么意思
She promised _________ he had enough money shewould marry him.
A. that B. if C. that if D. if that
【分析】此題應(yīng)選 C，其余幾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。句子的'正常詞序?yàn)?She promised that she would marry him if hehad enough money. 由于將條件狀語從句 if he hadenough money 插入動(dòng)詞 promised 與其賓語從句之間，從而導(dǎo)致許多同學(xué)誤選。順便說一句，本來動(dòng)詞 promise 后接賓語從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的 that 是可以省略的，但是按英語習(xí)慣，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與其賓語從句之間插有其他成分時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的 that 通常不宜省略，所以此題不宜選B。又如：
She promised that if anyone found her son she would give him a lot of money. 她答應(yīng)要是誰找到她兒子，她會(huì)給他一大筆錢。(句子可改為 She promised that she would give him a lot of money ifanyone found her son.)
He said that when his wife came back he would leave. 他說等他妻子一回來，他就離開。(句子可改寫為He said that he would leave when his wife came back.)
Tell him that if he is at home I’ll come to see him. 告訴他，如果他在家，我就去看他。(句子可改寫為Tell him (that) I’ll come to see him if he is at home.)
3八種賓語從句不省略that
引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that在下列情況下一般不省略：
1. 賓語從句前有插入語。如：
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at homewith us. 恰恰相反，我們希望他和我們呆在家里。
2. 有間接賓語時(shí)。如：
He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告訴我他要去日本。
3. that在與之并列的另一個(gè)賓語從句之后。如：
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他說那本書很有趣，所有小孩都喜歡讀。
4. 在“it(形式賓語)+補(bǔ)語”之后時(shí)。如：
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我們認(rèn)為他有必要留在這里。
5. that從句單獨(dú)回答問題時(shí)。如：
—What did he hear? 他聽說了什么事?
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他聽說)凱特考試及格了。
6. 在except等介詞后。如：
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽煙太多之外,沒有什么特別的毛病。
7. 位于句首時(shí)。如：
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我們隊(duì)會(huì)贏。
8. 在較為正式或不常用的動(dòng)詞(如reply, object)后。如：
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答說他不同意。
whatever與no matter what
有這樣一道題：
It is generally considered unwise to give a child__________ her or she wants.
A. whatever B. no matter what C. whenever D. nomatter when
此題應(yīng)選 A。容易誤選B。選項(xiàng)C、D顯然是錯(cuò)的，因?yàn)榫渲械腵 wants 缺賓語，而C、D兩項(xiàng)不能作賓語。至于C、D 的區(qū)別，可這樣描述：no matter what 只能引導(dǎo)狀語從句，而不引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。而 whatever 既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(=anything that)，也可引導(dǎo)狀語從句(=nomatter what)：
1. 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(只用whatever)：
無論他做什么都是對(duì)的。
正：Whatever he did was right.
誤：No matter what he did was right.
無論他說什么似乎都有道理。
正：Whatever he says sounds reasonable.
誤：No matter what he says sounds reasonable.
山羊找到什么就吃什么。
正：Goats eat whatever they find.
誤：Goats eat no matter what they find.
2. 引導(dǎo)狀語從句(兩者可換用)：
無論你說什么，我都不會(huì)相信你。
正：Whatever you say，I won’t believe you.
正：No matter what you say，I won’t believe you.
無論發(fā)生什么，都要保持鎮(zhèn)定。
正：Keep calm，whatever happens.
正：Keep calm，no matter what happens.
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