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英語四級語法現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法
現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行”，過去分詞表示“被動(dòng)和完成”(不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等。
1)分詞作狀語分詞在句子中作狀語，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。分詞做狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。作狀語的分詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。
【例如】
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
分詞在句子中作狀語，使用何種分詞，要取決于分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動(dòng)賓或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過去分詞。
【例如】
Notshavingsenough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6)
A)shavingsbelieved B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed
本句意思為：相信地球是平的，許多人擔(dān)心哥倫布會(huì)從邊上掉下去。許多人與相信之間是主謂關(guān)系，及分詞與主語之間為主謂關(guān)系。因此，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，答案為B.
No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6)
A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed
本句中貝多芬的作品被反復(fù)表演，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用過去分詞，故答案為B.
____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)
A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
本句中as引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句，意思為：他的作品盡管在被這樣的時(shí)候出版，還是引起了關(guān)注，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用過去分詞，故答案為B.
2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等連詞)+分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)可以在分詞前加while，when, once, although, until, if等連詞。
【例如】
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work..
Once recovered, he threw himselfsintoshis work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3)分詞作定語分詞作定語時(shí)，單個(gè)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面�，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系)，過去分詞修飾承受該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。
【例如】
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack..
As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____50 households or more. (CET-4 1998,1)
A)shavingsB) to have C) to have had D)shavingshad Town
后面由分詞做定語，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town與分詞間為主謂關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞，答案為A。
4)分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語現(xiàn)在分詞在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官動(dòng)詞和look at, listen to等短語動(dòng)詞以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役動(dòng)詞后面與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補(bǔ)語的成分。
【例如】
On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.
The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.
We should not leave him wondering what he should do.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
I caught him dozing off in class.
過去分詞可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge動(dòng)詞等后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
【例如】
After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.
在動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at后既可用現(xiàn)在分詞做補(bǔ)語,也可用不定式做補(bǔ)語。用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,用不定式表示的動(dòng)作的全過程已經(jīng)完成。
【例如】
I saw Mr. White get off a bus.
I saw Mr. White lookingsintosa shop window.
——Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
——Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
5)分詞作表語分詞作表語通�？醋餍稳菰~來用�，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)，而且主語多為物;過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態(tài)，主語多為人。
【例如】
The film“Pearl Harbor”is really exciting. I am excited about it.
His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.
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