with的用法
with結(jié)構(gòu)是許多英語(yǔ)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的一種。學(xué)好它對(duì)學(xué)好復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的構(gòu)成、特點(diǎn)及用法等作一較全面闡述,以幫助同學(xué)們掌握這一重要的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。
with的用法
一、 with結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成
它是由介詞with或without+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成,復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞with或without的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中第一部分賓語(yǔ)由名詞或代詞充當(dāng),第二部分補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞充當(dāng),分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞,也可以是過(guò)去分詞。With結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成方式如下:
1. with或without——名詞/代詞+形容詞;
2. with或without——名詞/代詞+副詞;
3. with或without——名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ);
4. with或without——名詞/代詞 +動(dòng)詞不定式;
5. with或without——名詞/代詞 +分詞。
下面分別舉例:
1、 She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名詞+形容詞,作伴隨狀語(yǔ))
2、 With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名詞+副詞,作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名詞+介詞短語(yǔ),作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名詞+不定式,作伴隨狀語(yǔ)) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代詞 +不定式,作條件狀語(yǔ))
5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞,作伴隨狀語(yǔ)) Without anything left in the with結(jié)構(gòu)是許多英語(yǔ)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的一種。學(xué)好它對(duì)學(xué)好復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的構(gòu)成、特點(diǎn)及用法等作一較全面闡述,以幫助同學(xué)們掌握這一重要的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。
二、with結(jié)構(gòu)的用法
with是介詞,其意義頗多,一時(shí)難掌握。為幫助大家理清頭緒,以教材中的句子為例,進(jìn)行分類(lèi),并配以簡(jiǎn)單的解釋。在句子中with結(jié)構(gòu)多數(shù)充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),表示行為方式,伴隨情況、時(shí)間、原因或條件(詳見(jiàn)上述例句)。
1. 帶著,牽著…… (表動(dòng)作特征)。如:
Run with the kite like this.
2. 附加、附帶著……(表事物特征)。如:
A glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish.
3. 和…… (某人)一起。
a. 跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交談……) 。如:
Now I am in China with my parents.
Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.
He / Shes talking with a friend.
b. 跟go, come 連用,有 "加入"到某方的意思。如:
Do you want to come with me?
4. 和play一起構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞play
with 意為"玩!媾" 如:
Two boys are playing with their yo——yos.
5. 與help 一起構(gòu)成 help...with...句式,意為"幫助 (某人) 做 (某事)"。如:
On Monday and Wednesday, he helps his friends with their English.
6. 表示面部神情,有“含著……,帶著……” 如:
"Im late for school," said Sun Yang, with tears in his eyes.
7. 表示 "用……" 如:
You play it with your feet.
What do the farmers do with your machines?
8. 表示 "對(duì)……, 關(guān)于……"。如:
Whats wrong with it?
Theres something wrong with my computer.
三、with結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)
1. with結(jié)構(gòu)由介詞with或without+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成。復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中第一部分與第二部分語(yǔ)法上是賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)關(guān)系,而在邏輯上,卻具有主謂關(guān)系,也就是說(shuō),可以用第一部分作主語(yǔ),第二部分作謂語(yǔ),構(gòu)成一個(gè)句子。例如: With him taken care of,we felt quite relieved.(欣慰)→(He was taken good care of.) She fell asleep with the light burning. →(The light was burning.) With her hair gone,there could be no use for them. →(Her hair was gone.)
2. 在with結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一部分為人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí),則該用賓格代詞。例如: He could not finish it without me to help him.
四、幾點(diǎn)重要的考點(diǎn)說(shuō)明:
1. with結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中的位置: with 結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間、條件、原因時(shí)一般放在句子前面,并用逗號(hào)與句子分開(kāi);表示方式和伴隨狀況時(shí)一般放在句子后面,不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。若with結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ),則放在所修飾的名詞之后,一般不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
2. with結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別:在with結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),表示主動(dòng),但是不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在發(fā)生或發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作;過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成。
例如: With the boy leading the way,we found he house easily.(小男孩已領(lǐng)過(guò)路)
With the boy to lead the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow.(小男孩明天將領(lǐng)路)
He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.(寢室被關(guān)著)
3. with結(jié)構(gòu)與一般的with短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別: with結(jié)構(gòu)具有上述功能和特點(diǎn),而"介詞with+名詞或代詞(組)"組成的一般的with短語(yǔ)在句子中可以作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它能表示動(dòng)作的方式、原因,但不能表示時(shí)間、伴隨和條件。在一般的with短語(yǔ)中,with后面所跟的不是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),也根本沒(méi)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。
4. with結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系: with結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),但在結(jié)構(gòu)上,with結(jié)構(gòu)由介詞with或without引導(dǎo),名詞前有冠詞、形容詞、所有格代詞或其它詞類(lèi)所修飾,結(jié)構(gòu)較松散;而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有with或without引導(dǎo),結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密,名詞前可用可不用修飾語(yǔ)。在句法功能上,with結(jié)構(gòu)可以作定語(yǔ),獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)則不能;獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作狀語(yǔ),但也可以作主語(yǔ),而with結(jié)構(gòu)則不能。
獨(dú)立主格在口語(yǔ)中不常用,往往由一個(gè)從句代替,而with結(jié)構(gòu)較口語(yǔ)化,較常用。例如:
There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.("with+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作定語(yǔ))
A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.(名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),作主語(yǔ))
The boy said,turning to the man,his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),表示伴隨狀況或行為方式,作狀語(yǔ))
Then last night,I followed him here,and climbed in,sword in hand.(名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況) board, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代詞+過(guò)去分詞,作為原因狀語(yǔ))
with的用法
1.與…(在)一起,帶著
Come with me. 跟我一起來(lái)吧。
2.(表帶有或擁有)有…的,持有,隨身帶著
I have no money with me. 我沒(méi)有帶錢(qián)。
3.(表方式、手段或工具)以,用
She wrote the letter with a pencil. 她用鉛筆寫(xiě)那封信。
4.(表材料或內(nèi)容)以,用
Fill the glass with wine. 把杯子裝滿酒。
5.(表狀態(tài))在…的情況下,…地
He can read French with ease. 他能輕易地讀法文。
6.(表讓步)盡管,雖然
With all his money, he is unhappy. 盡管他有錢(qián),他并不快樂(lè)。
7.(表?xiàng)l件)若是,如果
With your permission, I’ll go. 如蒙你同意我就去。
8.(表原因或理由)因?yàn),由?/p>
He is tired with work. 他工作做累了。
9.(表時(shí)間)當(dāng)…的時(shí)候,在…之后
With that remark, he left. 他說(shuō)了那話就離開(kāi)了。
10. (表同時(shí)或隨同)與…一起,隨著
The girl seemed to be growing prettier with each day. 那女孩好像長(zhǎng)得一天比一天漂亮。
11.(表伴隨或附帶情況)同時(shí)
I slept with the window open. 我開(kāi)著窗戶睡覺(jué)。
12.贊成,同意
I am with you there. 在那點(diǎn)上我同你意見(jiàn)一致。
13.由…照看,交…管理,把…放在某處
The keys are with reception. 鑰匙放在接待處。
14 (表連同或包含)連用,包含
The meal with wine came to £8 each. 那頓飯連酒每人8英鎊。
15. (表對(duì)象或關(guān)系)對(duì),關(guān)于,就…而言,對(duì)…來(lái)說(shuō)
He is pleased with his new house. 他對(duì)他的新房子很滿意。
16.(表對(duì)立或敵對(duì))跟,以…為對(duì)手
The dog was fighting with the cat. 狗在同貓打架。
17.(在祈使句中與副詞連用)
Away with him! 帶他走!
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